The Genesis of the Pomianyk as a Type of Manuscript Book in the Context of the Kyiv Metropolis Memorial Tradition (16th–18th сenturies)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2025.910Słowa kluczowe:
pominkarz, synodyk, rękopisy cyrylicki, badania źródłowe, zapisy darowizn, zapisy pamiątkowe, historia pamięci, marginalia, Metropolia KijowskaAbstrakt
This article studies the emergence of the Pomianyk (Synodikon) as a separate type of Cyrillic manuscript. The emergence of Pomianyk is analysed in the context of the funeral prayer practice used in the Kyiv Metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the early modern period. Pomianyk and the memorial records in other books are seen as expressions of memory. The findings revealed that a practical necessity at the request of believers to save their souls in the 16th and 18th centuries was the reason for developing such a separate type of manuscript. The historical sources reflect the mindset of the people of that time, who believed that through charitable activities in favour of the Church, they would receive absolution and salvation of the soul after death. Hetman Ivan Skoropadskyi donated funds to restore the Great Church of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra because he wanted God’s protection both during his life and after his death. The author explores the genesis of the Pomianyk in the donation records in church books and their memorial entries. This study analyses 14 manuscript Pomianyks used in the churches of Kyiv Metropolis, with particular attention paid to the 1741 “Nyzkynychi Pomianyk”, which has not yet been the subject of a separate analysis. In addition, other manuscripts and early printed books of the early modern period, which best reveal the problems of funeral practice in the stated region and at the specified time, were involved in the study.
Bibliografia
Manuscripts
• Istanbul (Turkey) – The Library of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, collection (hereinafter c.) Panaghia, unit number (hereinafter n.u.) 163, Prothésis du monastère de Panaghia.
• Kharkiv (Ukraine) – Kharkiv Korolenko State Scientific Library (hereinafter KKSSL), c. Manuscripts (hereinafter c. MS), n.u. 819108, Gospels.
• KKSSL, c. MS, n.u. 819173, Troianivka Gospel.
• Kraków (Poland) – Princes Czartoryski Library (hereinafter PCL), c. MS, n.u. 1270 IV, Orel Gospel.
• PCL, c. MS, n.u. 2097 IV, Lavryshiv Gospel.
• Kyiv (Ukraine) – Institute of Manuscript of V. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine (hereinafter IM VNLU), c. 1 Literary materials (hereinafter c. LM), n.u. 148, Kaniv Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 696, Zolotonosha Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 1105, Liturgikon.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 1107, Nyzkynychi Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 1789, Pomianyk of St Nicholas Pustynnyi monastery in Kyiv.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 2404, Vilshanka Gospel.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 2789, Yavoriv Gospel.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 3956, Kovel Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 4017, Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 4018, Smidyn Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. LM, n.u. 5515, Pomianyk of Transfiguration Church on Podil in Kyiv.
• IM VNLU, c. 30 Collection of manuscript books of the 10th–20th centuries, n.u. 50, Pomianyk of Lutsk Brotherhood of the Elevation of Cross.
• IM VNLU, c. 301 Collection of historical documents and collection of Church Archeology Museum of Theology Academy of Kyiv, n.u. 566L(Muz. 822), Pomianyk.
• IM VNLU, c. 312 Saint Sophia Cathedral (1017–1919). Collection of manuscript books of the 15th–19th centuries, n.u. 375(374), Pomianyk of Mezhyhirya monastery.
• IM VNLU, c. 312, n.u. 377(705), Pomianyk of Sophia of Kyiv.
• Maksymovych Scientific Library of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (hereinafter MSL), c. MS, n.u. C-164842, Pamiat imeni ktytorskoho.
• Moscow (Russia) – Russian State Library (hereinafter RSL), c. 256 Collection of Mykolai
• Petrovych Rumiantsev (hereinafter c. Rum.), n.u. 106, Chełm Gospel, [online] https://lib-fond.ru/lib-rgb/256/f-256-106/#image-7 [accessed 30.10.2023].
• RSL, c. Rum., n.u. 112, Lutsk Gospel, [online] https://lib-fond.ru/lib-rgb/256/f-256-112/#image-156 [accessed 30.10.2023].
• Vilnius (Lithuania) – Wroblewski Library of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, c. 19 Foundation of Ruthenian Manuscripts, n.u. 89, Supraśl Pomianyk.
• Warsaw (Poland) – National Library of Poland (hereinafter NLP), c. MS, n.u. 11814 III, Stare Selo Gospel, [online] https://polona.pl/item-view/990e36da-e269-41ec-9b6c-e945a73b6368?page=15 [accessed 3.11.2023].
• NLP, c. MS, n.u. 11828 III, Korzenica Gospel, [online] https://polona.pl/item-view/
3a26f56e-7f40-4dae-93e3-71a4e5e1d991?page=9 [accessed 3.11.2023].
• NLP, c. MS, n.u. 11829 II, Univ Gospel, [online] https://polona.pl/item/ewangelia-tetr,ODgwOTAzNw/695/#item [accessed 3.11.2023].
• NLP, c. MS, n.u. 11835 III, Babice Gospel, [online] https://polona.pl/item-view/0087a3d3-2fa7-4536-9f99-445989df26c1?page=28 [accessed 3.11.2023].
• NLP, c. MS, n.u. 11844 III, Gospels, [online] https://polona.pl/item-view/ad6332cc-715b-4dae-a59c-0a2d02dca70e?page=114 [accessed 3.11.2023].
• NLP, c. MS, n.u. 11864 IV, Stryi Gospel, [online] http://polona.pl/preview/d0f93e1b-06c4-4511-ae45-a7afce465db7 [accessed 21.03.2024].
Early printed books
• Kraków (Poland) – Special Collection Department of Jagiellonian Library, n.u. 589843 III, Gospels, Lviv 1743.
• Kyiv (Ukraine) – Department of the Old Prints and Rare Editions of Institute of Bibliography of V. Vernadsky and National Library of Ukraine (hereinafter IBS VNLU), n.u. Cyr. 17, Acts and Epistles, Kyiv 1630.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 32, Klûč” Razumìnìâ, Kyiv 1659.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 622, Festal Triodion, Lviv 1688.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 659, Knigi o postničestvì, Ostrih 1594.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 661, John Chrysostom, Margarit, Ostrih 1595.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 770, Gospels, Vilnius 1575.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 860, Gospels, Vilnius 1600.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 4p, St John Chrysostom, Homilies on St Paul’s Epistles, Kyiv 1623.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 20p, Liturgikon, Kyiv 1629.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 1246p, Liturgikon, Lviv 1646.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 1260p, Gospels, Vilnius 1600.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 4346p, Gospels, Vilnius 1644.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 4932p, Anthologion, Lviv 1694.
• IBS VNLU, n.u. Cyr. 5520p, Poslědovanie pohrěbanię inocheskaho, Pochaiv [1780–1790].
• MSL, Collection of Rare Books, n.u. B-164834, Liturgikon, Lviv 1637.
• Lviv (Ukraine) – Museum of Old Ukrainian Books of B. Voznytskyi Lviv National Gallery of Art (hereinafter MOUB), Collection of Cyrillic early printed books (abbreviated c. Cr), n.u. 10, Gospels, Lviv 1636.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 43, Liturgikon, Lviv 1712.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 137, Gospels, Lviv 1644.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 206, Liturgikon, Kyiv 1620.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 221, Liturgikon, Lviv 1712.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 444, Liturgikon, Lviv 1646.
• MOUB, c. Cr, n.u. 456, Liturgikon, Lviv 1691.
• Vilnius (Lithuania) – Vilnius University Library (hereinafter VUL), n.u. Rk 38, Liturgikon, Kyiv 1629.
• VUL, n.u. Rk 59, Gospels, Vilnius 1575.
• VUL, n.u. Rk 260, Liturgikon, Kyiv 1620.
Published sources
• Prokopiuk O. (Comp. and introduction articles), Pomennyk of Sophia of Kyiv. Publication of a Manuscript of the second half of the 18th – the first quarter of the 19th Century, Kyiv 2004.
• Činovnikʺ arhérejskago svâŝennosluženїâ, [Džordanvіlʹ] 1965.
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