From the history of patriotic journalism before the January Uprising

Abstract

Underground titles were published within the Polish territory in the 19thcentury.  Non-censored publications had had quite a long tradition in Poland, although this phenomenon increased in the 19th century, thanks to (among others) development of the printing industry. They were often primitive due to underground circumstances. The author characterises pre-uprising brochure printed in Wrocław (a poem "Polski duch" [The Polish spirit] by most likely Władysław Chotomski), preserved in quite a few copies, despite proportionally large edition as for that time (1000-1500 copies). It was printed roughly, with many printing mistakes, on a poor paper, however, it proves that the news from the Kingdom of Poland was reaching Wrocław that time.